THE REASON FOR EXISTENCE OF RINGS AT THE GIANT PLANETS

THE REASON FOR EXISTENCE OF RINGS AT THE GIANT PLANETS

At the equator of any planet of the solar system the Force of Attraction (gravity) is less compared with other areas, such as poles. This is due to a stronger "warming up" of the equator. As a result, individual molecules and chemical elements of the atmosphere are not so hard attracted by solid phase of the planet in the equatorial region. The value of atmospheric pressure is reduced closer to the equator. Layer of the atmosphere above the equator is thicker. But also it is thinner as compared with the poles.

Chemical elements and molecules of the atmosphere, located in the uppermost layers of the atmosphere are distanced on such large distance from the center of the planet that they cease to reach the necessary amount of thermal radiation from the planet. And at the same time the giant planets are very distant from the Sun and therefore the atmosphere gets very little sunlight. As a result, the aggregate state of the atmospheric gases becomes solid, and they turn into ice particles of various sizes, which form rings.

In general, the very reason for the existence of such phenomena as the "ring" is a difference in mass of chemical elements forming compounds of the atmosphere. The heavier chemical elements that make up the gas molecules, the closer to the surface of the solid phase of the planet such icy chip will be located in the rings. The easier chemical elements - the further away from the planet it is, in the outer regions of the rings.

DEPENDENCE OF INTENSITY OF SOLAR RADIATION FROM SOLAR LATITUDE

DEPENDENCE OF INTENSITY OF SOLAR RADIATION FROM SOLAR LATITUDE

The equatorial plane of the Sun is an area of maximum intensity of solar radiation. This is due to the fact that the solar equator is best "warmed up" by the "energy" of the nucleus of the galaxy. Accordingly, the polar regions of the Sun (and of other stars) warmed up by the "energy" of the galactic nucleus worst.

The Sun (i.e. the central celestial body in our solar system) to the nucleus of the galaxy is the same than the planets are in relation to the star. And the stars are also receivers of radiation of "energy" of the galactic nucleus like planets are the receivers of the radiation from stars.

The nucleus of the galaxy - is the central celestial body of our Galaxy. The Nucleus of Galaxy also has an area of equator, which coincides with the plane of the orbits of stars around the Galactic Nucleus.

Concentration of solar radiation in the solar equator is maximal. This is due to the fact that the "energy" of the Galactic Nucleus, reflected by the sun joins to the radioactive "energy" of the Sun. And at the equator a maximal amount of energy is reflected because this region is most "warmed up". 

The same can be said about the concentration of radiation of Galactic Nuclei, Nuclei of Supergalaxy and the Central Celestial Body of the Universe. And also about planets, as they also emit own radioactive "energy" and reflect the energy of stars.

The orbits of stars around the Nucleus of the Galaxy are located approximately in one plane as the planets' orbits are located in one plane.

The crust is formed by: first, non-radioactive elements with the heaviest nuclei of those that erupt on the surface of planets, and secondly, the compounds of these elements with the elements with lighter nuclei. Over the crust there is a shell consisting of elements with the lightest nuclei - the lithosphere and the hydrosphere.

The cause of periodic heating and cooling of each element on the surface of the planet is the rotation of the planet around the star and around its own axis. Physical state of chemical elements on the planet's surface varies periodically. During heating by the rays of a star it becomes sparser. During sunset of a star beyond the horizon - it becomes denser. Physical state of the atmosphere changes more noticeable because of their closer location in relation to the star.

In addition, the entire surface of the planet can be divided into "climate zones". A climate depends on the total length of stay "in the rays of the star" and the average distance of a point on the surface of the planet from the star.

The greater is the angle at which the sun's rays "fall" at any point on the planet's surface, the more "warmed" are the elements at this point and the more rarified is their state of aggregation. Therefore, the closer to the equator, the thinner is the state of aggregation of elements and their compounds. Naturally, in the daytime the aggregate state is sparser, and at night is denser.

And vice versa. The smaller is the angle at which the sun's rays illuminate some point on the surface of the planet, the weaker this area is “warmed up” and the denser the state of aggregation of elements. Therefore, the closer to the poles, the denser is the state of aggregation of elements.

THE CAUSES OF DISCREPANCIES CONTINENTS AND SEPARATION OF PANGAEA

THE CAUSES OF DISCREPANCIES CONTINENTS AND SEPARATION OF PANGAEA

“Around 1960, an American geologist Harry Hess Hemond suggested that molten rocks of the mantle rose from some cracks, in particular extending along the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. Near the top of these rocks spread to the sides, then cooled off and solidified. The bottom of the ocean thus was expanding and stretching. According to this theory the continents do not drift, and they are just displaced by the rocks of expanding oceans” (Isaac Asimov “Guide to Science”).

Substance of the planet is expanding. First, it’s because of reduction of mass of the nuclei of elements in the process of radioactive decay. Secondly, due to reduction of mass of elements due to accumulation by the Earth of solar free particles. The surface of the planet - crust – is formed by elements with light nuclei and they came out on the planet's surface during volcanic activity. And these elements with light nuclei in the bowels of the planet during the radioactive decay (decay reason - quality transformation of particles due to the action of forces of attraction). Elements of crust because of the small Force of Attraction of nuclei in the radioactive decay are not involved. Volume of the planet increases due to the growing of the planet’s Force of Repulsion and to reduce of the Force of Attraction of elements. The temperature of the elements in the planet's interior is higher than temperature of the elements on the surface. A crust - is dense chemical compounds having a low temperature. Continents - are the primary earth's crust. As a result of increasing the volume of the material interior of the planet, the crust cracks and diverges as the crust on rising yeast dough. This is confirmed by continental drift – in reality they diverge, and not drift. All new layers of substance are postponed under the primary cortex during volcanic activity.

At the bottom of continents the old layers of the cortex are the thinnest, so in these places there are constant zones of volcanic activity.

The cracking crust we know as earthquakes, volcanic activity, and fractures in the crust. And a discrepancy between the individual huge zones of the crust is known as “continental drift”. Chemical elements with lighter nuclei arising in the bowels during radioactive decay come out on the surface of celestial bodies during cracking of the crust. Or more precisely, they break the bonds between the elements of the cortex.

The continents do not drift in reality. They drift apart from each other as a result of expansion of the earth globe (such as how the balloon expands during its inflating). The bottom of the oceans is constantly “being created” due to constant output of magma from the depths of the earth. The earth's crust in this diverges like dried crust on rising yeast dough.

THE SPEED OF ROTATION OF PLANETS - WHAT IS THE REASON

THE SPEED OF ROTATION OF PLANETS - WHAT IS THE REASON

All planets revolve around their own axes. However, each of the planets rotates at its own velocity. Here are the values:

1. Mercury - one revolution around its axis in about 58 Earth days;

2. Venus - turnover for 243 days;

3. Earth - turnover for 24 hours;

4. Mars - turnover in 24 hours 37 minutes;

5. Jupiter - turnover for 9 hours and 55 minutes;

6. Saturn - turnover in 10 hours 40 minutes;

7. Uranium - turnover in 17 hours 14 minutes;

8. Neptune - turnover in 16 hours 03 minutes;

9. Pluto - turnover of 6.38 days.

The speed ​​of rotation of planets is entirely caused only by one thing – by the speed of the heating of their surface layers.

As mentioned earlier, the mechanism of rotation of planets is explained by the occurrence of the Field of Repulsion in the area of a planet, turned at this moment to the Sun. The emerging Field of Repulsion of a planet is resisted by the Field of Repulsion of the Sun and makes this area to move away from the Sun. At the same time the cooler regions of the same hemisphere tends to the Sun. Both of these factors, taken together, make the planet to rotate around its axis.

In each of two hemispheres of the planet there is a parallel of latitude, which is the boundary between the equatorial regions (and near equator), where there exists in the atmosphere a not already vanishing Field of Repulsion, and the Polar Regions, where there is no such field, and there is only a Field of Attraction. Namely on this boundary parallel a Field of Repulsion arises only in the region, which is currently rotated to the Sun. When this area is facing away from the sun, a Field of Repulsion gradually decreases and then disappears, in order to appear again when this area again will turn to the sun.

So, it is the speed of emergence of a non-permanent Field of Repulsion on the boundary parallel determines the speed of rotation of the planet.

And now let's find out on what factors the rate of arising of the Field of Repulsion on the boundary parallel depends. These factors determine the value of the speed of rotation of the planet.

The first factor affecting the speed of rotation of planets is the distance from a planet to the Sun. The distance is not important in itself. The value of the distance to the Sun informs us about the amount of solar particles with Fields of Repulsion reaching a planet. The shorter the distance to the Sun is, than the more solar particles with Fields of Repulsion reach a planet, the more heated the surface layers are and the faster the planet rotates. Conversely, the greater the distance is, than the less number of particles reaches the planet and the slower heating of the surface layers is.

The second factor is the degree of heating of the substance of both boundary parallels separating the regions where there is not disappearing Field of Repulsion from the areas where such Field yet does not exist. Any planet has two such boundary parallels of latitude. The substance, whose degree of heating we are interested, this is a whole thickness of substance that is located under this parallel, up to the center of a planet. Degree of heating of substances means the amount of solar particles with Fields of Repulsion accumulated by chemical elements of the substance. I.e. the more solar particles with Fields of Repulsion are accumulated by the substance of a planet in the area of these parallels, than the faster a not constant Field of Repulsion arises at a planet, and the faster a planet rotates. The greater extent of heating of the bowels of the planet, the less its Field of Attraction is. This means that elementary particles from the Sun reached the planet and accumulated by chemical elements of the surface layers (of the atmosphere) will move down more slowly towards the center of the planet. Therefore, a necessary Field of Repulsion will be formed by these particles faster.

The third factor is the atmospheric composition of planets and its thickness (if it is presented at a planet). The more sparse (the less dense) gases form the planet's atmosphere, the easier this atmosphere can start to produce a Field of Repulsion – i.e. can begin to emit Ether. The explanation is that the smaller the gas density is, the faster these elements form a Field of Repulsion during the accumulation of particles with Fields of Repulsion by chemical elements of gas. In the language of modern physics, the less dense gas is easier to heat. But denser gases are more difficult to heat. This means that for the occurrence of Field of Repulsion at elements forming these gases they must accumulate (absorb) more particles with Field of Repulsion.

As it is known, the most low density gases are included in the atmospheres of the giant planets. Such gases as helium and hydrogen are very easy to heat, and they quickly begin to emit ether – i.e. a Field of Repulsion arises at them very quickly.

Now, if we summarize these three factors and analyze their impact in relation to specific planets of the solar system, we will get something like this.

As you know, the giant planets rotate most rapidly: Jupiter – a turnover for 9 hours and 55 minutes, Saturn - 10 hours 40 minutes, Uranus - 17 hours 14 minutes, Neptune - 16 hours 03 minutes. As you can see Jupiter and Saturn are the fastest. But the distance factor is not on their side. Four planets are closer to the Sun than Jupiter, and five planets are closer than Saturn. Distance from the Sun of other giant planets is more. Nevertheless, even the most remote giant planet - Neptune - rotates faster than any of the terrestrial planets. What's the matter? The reason is a combined influence of two other factors - the degree of heating of the planet and measure of sparseness of its atmosphere.

The farther from the sun there is a planet, the more heated substance is in the area of its boundary parallels. And the giant planets, which are located from the Sun farther than terrestrial planets, are formed from the solar substance earlier and therefore longer feel the effects of solar rays.

And, of course, the atmosphere of the giant planets has a larger percentage of such rarefied gases as helium and hydrogen, and this also contributes to a higher speed of their heating and hence a higher speed of rotation.

Regarding the speed of rotation of such planets of the terrestrial group like Earth and Mars, it is less than that of the giant planets, but much more than that of Mercury and Venus. The Earth revolves around its axis in 24 hours, Mars – in 24 hours 37 minutes. Earth and Mars rotate fast enough due to the greater heating of the substance than that of Mercury and Venus, and also thanks to a sufficiently high degree of sparsity of their atmospheres

The speed ​​of rotation of Mercury is so small - one revolution in 58 Earth days - due to the fact that the substance of Mercury is heated very slightly (less than all other planets), and because Mercury has virtually no atmosphere.

Now about Venus. Its rotational speed is 1 turnover for 243 days. So, the speed of rotation of Venus would have been much more, if it rotated forward and not backwards. This means that at forward rotation Venus would rotate much faster than Mercury. Besides Venus is heated stronger than Mercury and also has a pronounced atmosphere (though dense), while Mercury's atmosphere, we can say no.

Here it should be said about the fact that the speed of rotation of Uranus would be much more if it also rotated in the forward direction, and not the reverse. At the same time Uranus rotates more slowly than the more distant Neptune.

So, slow rotation of Venus and Uranus should explain so.

And now, actually, about why Venus and Uranus rotate more slowly than they would can if their rotation would be direct and not reverse.

For this, we should remember that in the mechanism of rotation of planets once two factors play an equally important role. First, it is an emergence in the heated region of the planets a Field of Repulsion that makes this area to move away from the sun. And secondly, the tendency of areas of the planet chilled out on the night side to move closer to the Sun.

The Sun's gravity field is an ethereal stream, moving counterclockwise in the direction of the poles and the polar regions of the sun (yes, the Sun also has poles). So, that hemisphere of the planet, it is the side that is in this ethereal stream closer to its source (i.e. to the Sun absorbing the ether) will experience greater attraction from the sun's magnetic poles, as the force of attraction as it is known decreases with distance. The hemisphere of the planets with direct rotation the eastern hemisphere (moving from the night side to the day) is the closest to the source of the sun's gravity field. While at the planets with the reverse rotation – it is the western hemisphere (moving from the day side to the night).

Accordingly, the second hemisphere of the planet, which is more remote from the source of the sun's gravity fields, feels far less attraction to the Sun, as the force of attraction decreases with the distance. For planets with direct rotation the more remote hemisphere is western. But for planets with reverse rotation this is the eastern hemisphere.

It is the eastern hemisphere of the planet has a Field of Attraction. And its greatest value in comparison with other areas of the planet, since it is this area was on the night side, and most of all cool. It is the eastern hemisphere through its greatest aspirations to the Sun makes the planet rotated.

In its turn the western hemisphere is characterized by the Field of Repulsion gradually turning into the Field of Attraction (due to the gradual cooling). The western hemisphere also seeks to approach to the Sun, but to a much lesser extent.

And here please note your attention. The planets with direct rotation on the western hemisphere have the area (where the Field of Repulsion disappears and instead it the Field of Attraction appears) is turned away from the Sun to such extent and is separated from the source of its Field of Attraction that for this area the shortest path to the source of the sun's gravity fields is a movement counterclockwise (i.e. continuation of existing movement). The planet does not seek to turn back clockwise.

But the western hemisphere of the planets with reverse rotation is the closest to the source of the sun's gravity field. Consequently the region of the western hemisphere (where the Field of Repulsion due to the cooling of the planet disappears and is replaced by the Field of Attraction) feels a significant Force of Attraction to the Sun. It turns out that the eastern hemisphere of the planets with reverse rotation is located from the source of the sun's gravity field further, which reduces its aspiration to the Sun. And, moreover, and the western hemisphere seeks to the Sun. As a result, this aspiration to the Sun of the western hemisphere slows down the rotation of the planet, because it prevents the aspiration to the Sun from the side of the eastern hemisphere.

THE EARTH'S GRAVITY DECREASES WITH TIME

THE EARTH'S GRAVITY DECREASES WITH TIME

All planets including Earth accumulate elementary particles emitted by the Sun. Most of these particles are concentrated in the central part of any planet. The heating of the substance is caused by the accumulation of particles with Fields of Repulsion. Such particles predominate in the composition of the solar radiation. Accumulated particles with Fields of Repulsion reduce the magnitude of the Fields of Attraction of chemical elements on the surface where they accumulate. So, in general, they reduce the magnitude of the Field of Attraction entire planet. From this follows a simple conclusion – a gravity of any planet including Earth with time is reduced more and more. I.e. weight (Force of Attraction) of any body on our planet with every moment is less and less. However, these changes are so small that they are difficult to measure. Perhaps a comparison of weight of the same body, taken at the beginning and at the end of the century will give visible results.

A GRADUAL INCREASE IN THE ANGLE OF INCLINATION OF THE AXIS OF ROTATION OF PLANETS

A GRADUAL INCREASE IN THE ANGLE OF INCLINATION OF THE AXIS OF ROTATION OF PLANETS

In the early life of the planets they had no inclination of the axis. The cause of the inclination is an attraction of one of the poles of the planet by one of the poles of the Sun.

Let’s consider as the inclination of axes of the planets appears.

When the substance from which the planets are formed is ejected from the Sun it does not necessarily an ejection occurs in the equatorial plane of the Sun. Even a small deviation from the equatorial plane of the Sun results in that the formed planet to one of the poles of the sun is located closer than to another. And to be more precise, it is only one of the poles of the formed planet is closer to one of the poles of the Sun. For this reason, namely this pole of the planet “feels” a greater gravitation from that pole of the Sun, to whom it is closer.

As a result one of the hemispheres immediately turned toward the Sun. So an initial inclination of an axis of rotation of a planet appeared. That hemisphere, which was closer to the Sun, respectively, immediately began to receive more solar radiation. And because of this the given hemisphere from the outset began to be warmed to a greater extent. A greater heating of one of the hemispheres of the planet becomes the reason that the total Gravity Field of this hemisphere decreases. I.e. during the warm-up of the approached to the Sun hemisphere there was a decrease of its tendency to move closer to the pole of the Sun, which gravitation made ​​the planet to be inclined. And the more this hemisphere is heated, the more leveled the gravitation of both poles of the planet, each to “its closest” pole of the Sun. As a result, the heated hemisphere more and more turned away from the sun, and the more chilled began to approach. But note how this change of poles was happened (and happens). Very peculiar.

With the passage of time the angle of inclination of the axis of rotation of planets gradually increased. Let’s find out why this is happening.

Generally, when we solve the problem of gravitation (attraction) of any planet to the sun, we should always remember that just two areas of the planet - its magnetic poles - tend to be closer to the Sun. This is explained by the fact that it is the poles are the least heated regions of the planets. Whenever a planet is rotated to the Sun by one of its hemispheres, at the same time gravitation to the Sun of the second hemisphere continues to control this hemisphere. Only this “control” does not allow the planets from the beginning to turn to the Sun by their poles.

Then why, over time, does an angle of inclination of the axis of any planet increase more and more? Yes, because over time there has been increasing the square of the surface of ​​the planet, where there is formed a not disappeared Field of Repulsion. (We recall that the Field of Repulsion of the planet does not exist near the surface of the planet. It manifests outwards in the upper levels of the atmosphere.)  A Field of Repulsion creates a Force of Repulsion. A Field of Repulsion of the planet collides with the Field of Repulsion of the Sun. And because of this those areas of the planet, where it has not disappearing Field of Repulsion, tend to move away from the Sun. And so there occurs an inclination. And the farther away from the equator and closer to the poles this area occupied by the not disappearing Field of Repulsion moves, the greater is the angle of inclination of the axis.

We will say a few words about a non-vanishing Field of Repulsion of the planets.

Substance in the equatorial plane of the planet is warmed up to the greatest extent. This is explained by the fact that at the beginning of life on the planet, when it just started to rotate, the axis of rotation is perpendicular to the line drawn through the center of the Sun and the center of the planet. Because of this the equatorial region of any planet from the outset is closest to the center of the Sun. So, the inclination of the axis indicates that at the planet in the equatorial region and adjacent areas a continuously existing Field of Repulsion is formed. The Field of Repulsion of the planet is formed by particles with Fields of Repulsion accumulated on the surface of the chemical elements of the atmosphere - staying in the composition of the surface layers of the planet. As already mentioned, the planets have an “incline” namely because of arising of this constant Field of Repulsion. Nearest to the center of the sun is always an area of the planet, which is just in the state of the heating. This area accumulates the solar particles, and as a result here there arises a Field of Repulsion, which makes this area to turn away from the Sun.

Why we are talking about this? Yes, because the parallel of latitude, on which there is an area of the planet closest to the center of the Sun, and just serves as a border between parallels where there is a constant Field of Repulsion (equator and adjacent parallels) and the regions where the Field of Repulsion does not even arise (a pole and polar regions). On this boundary parallel of latitude a Field of Repulsion appears only after heating by solar radiation. And after some time, due to the rotation of the planet, a cooling this area leads to the disappearance of this repulsion field.

THE MECHANISM OF COOLING OF THE SURFACE LAYERS OF A PLANET

THE MECHANISM OF COOLING OF THE SURFACE LAYERS OF A PLANET

Once the particles fall on the planet and accumulate on the surface of elements in the surface layers either immediately or after some time they begin their way towards the center of the planet. So there occurs a process of cooling the planet's surface (atmosphere, hydrosphere, crust). Particles move down along the line connecting the approximate point of falling to the planet and the center of the planet. The more solar particles with Fields of Repulsion will be accumulated along this line, the greater the substance will be heated, the less solar particles falling on the planet and accumulated in the surface layers will flow down in the process of cooling.

Naturally to the center of any planet the temperature of its substance grows precisely because any spherical celestial body has a centripetal Field of Attraction, which also makes the particles falling on the planet to strive towards the center of the planet.